Active Transport Essays - Cellular Respiration, Metabolism

Dynamic Transport Essays - Cellular Respiration, Metabolism Dynamic Transport Since the cell layer is to some degree penetrable to sodium particles, basic dispersion would bring about a net development of sodium particles into the cell, until the focuses on the different sides of the film got equivalent. Sodium really diffuses into the cell rather uninhibitedly, however as quick as it does as such, the cell effectively siphons it out once more, against the focus contrast. The instrument by which the phone siphons the sodium particles out is called dynamic vehicle. Dynamic vehicle requires the consumption of vitality for the work done by the cell in moving atoms against a fixation angle. Dynamic transport empowers a cell to keep up a lower centralization of sodium inside the cell, and furthermore empowers a cell to gather certain supplement inside the cell at focuses a lot higher than the extracellular fixations. The specific instrument of dynamic vehicle isn't known. It has been suggested that a transporter atom is included, which responds artificially with the particle that will be effectively shipped. This structures a compound which is solvent in the lipid bit of the layer and the bearer compound at that point travels through the film against the focus angle to the opposite side. The moved atom is then discharged, and the transporter particle diffuses back to the opposite side of the layer where it gets another atom. This procedure requires vitality, since work must done in shipping the atom against a dispersion slope. The vitality is provided as ATP. The bearer atoms are believed to be essential proteins; proteins which range the plasma film. These proteins are explicit for the atoms they transport. Chemiosmosis Populating the internal layer of the mitochondrion are numerous duplicates of a protein complex called an ATP synthase, the compound that really makes ATP! It works like a particle siphon running backward. In the opposite of that procedure, an ATP synthase utilizes the vitality of a current particle angle to control ATP combination. The particle angle that drives oxidative phosphorylation is a proton (hydrogen particle) angle; that is, the force hotspot for the ATP combinations is a contrast in the convergence of H+ on inverse sides of the internal mitochondrial layer. We can likewise consider this inclination as a distinction in pH, since pH is a proportion of H+ fixation. The capacity of the electron transport affix is to produce and keep up a H+ angle. The chain is a vitality converter that utilizes the exergonic progression of electrons to siphon H+ over the film, from the grid into the intermembrane space. The H+ spill back over the film, diffusing down its inclination. In any case, the ATP synthases are the main patches of the film that are uninhibitedly penetrable to H+. The particles go through a divert in an ATP synthase, and the complex of proteins works as a factory that outfits the exergonic progression of H ' to drive the phosphorylation of ATP Thus, a H+ angle couples the redox responses of the electron transport chain to ATP combination. This coupling component for oxidative phosphorylation is called chemiosmosis, a term that features the connection between compound responses and transport over the film. We have recently utilized the word assimilation in examining water transport, however here the word alludes to the pushing of H+ over a membra! ne. Certain individuals from the electron transport chain must acknowledge and discharge protons (H+) alongside electrons, while different bearers transport just electrons. Accordingly, at specific strides along the chain, electron moves cause H+ to be taken up and discharged go into he encompassing arrangement. The electron transporters are spatially organized in the film so that H+ is acknowledged from the mitochondrial grid and stored - the intermembrane space. The H+ slope that outcomes is alluded to as a proton-rationale power, stressing the limit of the angle to perform work. The power drives H+ back over the layer through the explicit H+ channels gave by ATP synthase buildings. How the ATP synthase utilizes the declining H+ current to connect inorganic phosphate to ADP isn't yet known. The hydrogen particles may take an interest legitimately in the response, or they may actuate a compliance change of the ATP synthase that

Competency Based Training free essay sample

COMPETENCY BASED TRAINING SIP Project report submitted in halfway satisfaction of the prerequisites for the PGDM Program By Abhishek Kumar Pandey Supervisors: 1. Mr. Aditya Sareen (Manager, Delhi International Airport Ltd. ) 2. Prof. N. Y. Phadnis (Professor, IMT Nagpur) INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY, NAGPUR 2009-11 Competency Based Training SIP at DIAL | GMR Acknowledgment I accept this open door to express gratitude toward Mr. ASK Reddy, CHRO, Delhi International Airport Private Ltd for furnishing me with a chance of doing an undertaking with a rumored organization like GMR. I might want to communicate earnest gratitude to Mr. Sunil Bhardwaj, GM (Talent Development Group). His bits of knowledge on the specialized and social angles in a corporate world have imparted in me a feeling of development to handle a corporate nearness. I might likewise want to expresses gratitude toward Mr. Aditya Sareen, Manager (Talent Development Group) for giving me this chance of chipping away at such a noteworthy point in HR. Likewise, my genuine appreciation to Ms. Deepti Kurian, Associate Manager (Talent Development Group), for her understanding and noteworthy sources of info. Last yet not the least, my genuine gratitude to everybody at TDG Department, for their critical contributions to the venture. I am exceptionally obliged to Prof. N. Y. Phadnis of Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur, for his help all through the task time frame. I am likewise delighted by the significant sources of info I got from other employees of my organization, which lightened my task information. Abhishek Kr. Pandey 2009038 PGDM 2009-11 IMT Nagpur Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur Page 2 Competency Based Training SIP at DIAL | GMR Establishment of Management Technology, Nagpur Page 3 Competency Based Training SIP at DIAL | GMR TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Affirmation 2. Testament 3. Chapter by chapter list 4. Official Summary 5. Destinations of the investigation 6. Presentation a. GMR b. About DIAL 7. HR at DIAL its Hierarchy 8. Ideas/Models utilized in the Study a. What is Competency b. What isn't a Competency c. What is competency mapping d. When Do we map Competency e. Idea of Competency Dictionary f. Suggestions I. For Organization ii. For Managers iii. For Employees g. Preferences and Disadvantages 9. Competency Based Training a. Presentation b. Development of CBT c. Importance d. Favorable circumstances e. Inconveniences 10. Usage at DIAL 11. Consequences for the arrangements and systems of the association 12. Closing Recommendations 13. List of sources References Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur Page 4 Competency Based Training SIP at DIAL | GMR Executive Summary â€Å"The Familiarization and usage of the competency based preparing program at Delhi International Airport Ltd. † The Delhi International Airport Ltd. is very nearly fulfillment of Terminal-3 Project. It has just been recognized as the â€Å"Most Improved Airport† in its class. For keeping up the elevated requirements set by the association at the very beginning of the Project, Human Resource office should assume a significant job in the association. The HR Department should concoct imaginative just as practical alternatives so as to ad lib or if nothing else keep up the efficiency level of the workers. It is this need, which requests the usage of Competency Based Training at Delhi International Airport Limited. Enrollment, Succession Planning, Training and Development would be normalized by the Competency Based model so as to augment the adequacy of this usage. It has likewise been seen that Competency Based Training Methodology is another term for the workers to manage and henceforth would require a Familiarization before driving it vigorously. The Organization has an approach of guaranteeing five man long stretches of preparing and improvement for every representative in the association. Along these lines, usage of the competency based preparing could assume a huge job in delivering an exceptionally proficient, Productive and Trained Manpower. This thusly would improve the chance of accomplishing the portrayed Business objectives in the conjectured time. Likewise, the association has an enormous cluster of levels, under which representatives are put. Mapped competency for the representative, which is a piece of competency based preparing, would empower HR to put the planned worker in the correct level making a match between the Position and the Person. This would be encouraged by the competency based preparing. As the competency based preparing has its own complexities which begin to disclose once you start with the usage. So as is commonly said â€Å"It is smarter to forestall and plan than to apologize and fix. † For maintaining a strategic distance from the hiccups during the genuine usage stage, it is better in the event that a recreation is done progress of time and, at that point the making arrangements for the real turn out of the execution is followed. This is the essential target of this venture work †to furnish DIAL with a prepared reckoner for the execution of the Competency based preparing, giving an itemizing to every single moment of the issues. Foundation of Management Technology, Nagpur Page 5 Competency Based Training SIP at DIAL | GMR Group The GMR Group is one of the main and quickest developing private segment associations of India with uncommon interests in Airports, Urban Infrastructure and Energy. Established in 1978 by Grandhi Malikkarjun Rao, the Group is very much differentiated and expertly oversaw. Vision To assemble innovative associations those have any kind of effect to society through formation of significant worth. Qualities Beliefs: The gathering has a culture of its Values and Beliefs which are as per the following: Humility-Value scholarly unobtrusiveness and abhorrence bogus pride and haughtiness Entrepreneurship Seek openings they are wherever Teamwork and Relationships Going past the individual empowering boundaryless conduct Deliver the guarantee Value a profound awareness of other's expectations and self-restraint, to meet and outperform on duties made Learning Nurturing dynamic interest †to address, share, and improve Social Responsibility Anticipating and meeting applicable and rising needs of society Respect for Individuals Treat others with poise, affectability and respect GMR Group is one of the quickest developing foundation associations in the nation with premiums in Airports, Energy, Highways and Urban Infrastructure (counting SEZ). Utilizing the Public Private Partnership model, the Group has effectively actualized a few foundation extends in India. Organization of Managem ent Technology, Nagpur Page 6 Competency Based Training SIP at DIAL | GMR Infrastructure Limited is the foundation holding organization framed to support the capital necessities of different framework extends in the Group? s Energy, Highways and Airport business. It embraces the advancement of the framework extends through its different auxiliaries. Likewise, different center territory of the Group is the Agri-business with Sugar as its fundamental product offering. GMR Industries Limited is the holding organization for the Groups Agri-Business. The Group? s duty to comprehensive development is accomplished through its Corporate Social Responsibility arm †the GMR Varalakshmi Foundation (GMRVF). GMRVF works with the under-favored areas of the network in all the areas where the Group has business interests. The different fields wherein the Group is useful are as per the following: Agri Business: GMR Industries Limited (GIDL) is the Agri business division of the GMR Group, one of the quickest and most dynamic business houses in India. GIDL produces predominant evaluation sugar and related items. Also, are similarly dedicated to the financial improvement of the ranchers through their rancher association activities by giving help with cultivating rehearses and by embraced different monetary activities to support the neighborhood networks. The sugar producing office is confirmed ISO 9000:2001 and the refinery is guaranteed zero-profluent. The different tasks embraced by GMR Group are: ? ? ? Sankili Sugar Plant Ramdurg Sugar Complex Haliyal Sugar Complex Fig. Sankili Sugar Plant Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur Fig. GMR Energy Ltd. Page 7 Competency Based Training SIP at DIAL | GMR Infrastructure, as a component of its business technique to firmly situate the gathering in the Global vitality showcase, has procured a half stake in Intergen, a main worldwide force age organization, headquartered in neatherlands. The half stake was bought from AIG Highstar. The exchange was finished in October 2008. Intergen? s one of a kind working qualities give colossal lift to GMR? s esteem creation capacity. The activities are intended to use long haul PPA, fuel understandings other organized agreements for hazard alleviation and Sustainable returns. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE: GMR Group went into a MOU with Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO) for the improvement of a Multi Product Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu. The SEZ will be created through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to be set up through a Joint Venture association with TIDCO. This multi-item SEZ will be spread around 3300 sections of land in the Krishnagiri District of Tamil Nadu. The choice of the codeveloper by TIDCO was brought out through a two-phase serious offering process. The nonagricultural land is relied upon to be obtained by the SPV over a time of one year. The SEZ is favorably situated in closeness to Bangalore. The whole improvement procedure to be finished by 2014. ? This multi item SEZ will concentrate on an assortment of enterprises extending from Bio Technology, IT and ITES other than the customary gadgets and designing regions. ? It will be of worldwide principles including, green passages with a unique accentuation on high caliber and social foundation. Natural productivity and manageability will be the key components. ? Extra advantage

Meth Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment

Meth Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment Addiction Drug Use Meth Print How Long Does Withdrawal From Methamphetamine Last? By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 01, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 27, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Signs & Symptoms Warnings Long-Term Treatment View All Back To Top Meth  withdrawal is a natural but uncomfortable process that begins immediately after someone discontinues taking methamphetamine, also known as crystal meth. Overview Withdrawal involves a predictable set of symptoms, that gradually wear off as the body adjusts to the drug no longer being present. Withdrawal involves physical symptoms like fatigue and psychiatric symptoms like depression or psychosis.?? While the physical symptoms go away, the psychological symptoms like anxiety can last a long time. In the first 24 hours following meth use, people may begin to experience initial withdrawal symptoms which can include fatigue and increased appetite.?? You may feel irritable, anxious, and depressed. Verywell / JR Bee Duration and Severity Research shows that meth withdrawal consists of two phases. The first phase is most intense during the first 24 hours after last using meth and gradually gets less intense over the next week. There is often a subacute phase lasting another couple of weeks.?? The severity of meth withdrawal will depend on a number of different factors, such as how long and how much meth the individual has been using, and how dependent the person is on meth.?? How Long Will Withdrawal Last? As a general rule of thumb, the longer a person has been on meth, the worse the withdrawal symptoms will be. The same applies to age, with older people typically experiencing worse symptoms than younger people. The second phase is less intense and lasts for about another two to three weeks. Sometimes meth users experience withdrawal symptoms for months, known as  post-acute withdrawal syndrome  (PAWS).?? Other factors that can play a role in the duration and severity of meth withdrawal symptoms include: A persons mental and physical health before and during  meth useThe quality of the meth the individual was usingHistory of other drug use, including alcohol What to Know About Methamphetamine Use Signs Symptoms The experience of meth withdrawal is different for everyone, but there are certain signs and symptoms that tend to be common. If your symptoms feel severe, seek help as soon as possible and be sure to tell your doctor that you are withdrawing from meth. Anxiety Anxiety is very common among people who are going through meth withdrawal, and studies show that rates of anxiety disorders among individuals who use methamphetamine are estimated to be as high as 30%.?? Fatigue and Sleepiness When using meth, people often feel hyperactive and like they do not need to sleep. During meth withdrawal, they often feel exactly the opposite.?? Especially during the first week of withdrawal, people are likely to feel very inactive, tired, and sleepy. Symptoms of fatigue usually peak around the fifth day of withdrawal, during which people will sleep an average of 11 hours per day (a phenomenon known as hypersomnia). It is not uncommon to experience vivid dreams, but these will usually subside during the first week or so. Depression Having a low, flat, or depressed mood is normal while going through meth withdrawal. For most, it will be gone by the end of the third week, although depression can continue for a small proportion of people coming off meth.?? Psychosis Psychosis can be a symptom of meth withdrawal and consists primarily of hallucinations: seeing, hearing, and feeling things that arent there. It may also involve delusions, in which ideas that seem true but that arent actually true in reality. These symptoms can also occur when people are high on meth. Meth Cravings Most people who are withdrawing from meth experience a strong desire to actually take more; they are experiencing cravings, which are common among people withdrawing from addictive substances.?? Increased Appetite While on meth, people often experience a lack of appetite for food.?? That changes during meth withdrawal, during which people are likely to have strong cravings for carbohydratesâ€"sugary or starchy foodsâ€"especially at the beginning of withdrawal, and usually lasting into the second and third weeks. Brain Recovery Is Possible After Stopping Meth Coping Relief Meth withdrawal can be difficult, but there are some things that you can do to cope with your symptoms and make the process easier. Exercise: Exercise and medication may help with anxiety, although further research is needed to confirm this.Distract yourself: Although these cravings start out quite intense, the frequency and intensity of drug cravings gradually subside over two to five weeks. The best thing to do is to try to cope with the cravings until they abate. Find ways to keep busy and distracted so you dont focus on these cravings.??Avoid triggers: If there are certain situations or people that tend to trigger your cravings, be careful to avoid them during your withdrawal period in order to minimize the risk of a relapse.Eat a healthy diet: Your appetite for food may return during withdrawal, but its important to try to keep everything in moderation. Try not to eat more than you normally would have before taking meth, as you may develop a substitute addiction to food. If symptoms of depression continue following the discontinuation of meth, see your doctor. Medications are often useful in treating these symptoms. Tips for Coping With Drug Cravings Warnings It is often best to go through the meth detox and withdrawal process under the supervision of trained professionals.   Although it may seem daunting, the best place to go if youre having severe symptoms is a hospital or medically-managed detox center. While symptoms will usually go away after the first week of withdrawal, people can run into serious difficulties trying to cope with symptoms, such as psychosis, on their own. Antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed along with other medications to treat psychiatric symptoms. If you or someone you know is experiencing psychosis either during meth intoxication or meth withdrawal, call 911 and inform the paramedics about the drug use. Long-Term Treatment The National Institute on Drug Abuse suggests that behavioral therapy is one of the most effective long-term treatments currently available for methamphetamine addiction.?? Two of the main types that may be used are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management (CM). Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on changing the underlying thoughts and beliefs that contribute to maladaptive behaviors.Contingency management utilizes operant conditioning to encourage meth abstinence. People receive incentives, such as vouchers, for passing drug tests.?? Other approaches that may also be used include family education, individual counseling, and 12-step support groups.?? Resources If you or a loved one is ready to quit meth, talk to your doctor for advice. Your doctor can assess your health and refer you to treatment centers in your area.   You should also seek medical assistance if you are having severe or worrisome withdrawal symptoms such as depression, paranoia, or psychosis. You can also contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) national helpline at 1-800-662-4357 for treatment referral and information. Or you can use their online treatment locator to find addictions services in your area. A Word From Verywell While meth withdrawal can be difficult, addiction is treatable and recovery is possible. Taking care of yourself during this time is vital. Practice effective relapse prevention techniques and be kind to yourself. Most importantly, dont be afraid to reach out to friends, family, support groups, or treatment professionals if you need help.

The Use of Pathos, Ethos and Logos in Advertising Essay

Nowadays, commercial is becoming a major part of mass media. It does not only try to inform people about the availability and attractiveness of industrial good productions but also contribute to build an awareness of resources and alternatives for customer in daily life. There are thousands of commercials, so to attract customer, advertisers use various kinds on their commercial to make people aware of the firms products, services or brands. Though they use various kinds on the commercial, the main goal of advertising tries to convince customer to buy their products, or do what they want. An excellent commercial will create a deep impression on their customers, or who want to become their customers by using three classical appeals:†¦show more content†¦That scene is impressive because the guy falls down while taking the purse out of her mouth. This commercial prove that by using Close - Up, your teeth will be stronger and healthier; you protect your teeth, they protect yours elf. This commercial is not only attract women, it attracts all people who want to have a healthy teeth. By pointing that scene, this commercial is successful by proving what is the benefit of using Close-Up toothpaste. Another typical commercial that has a great influence to charity of customer is: Tide Loads of Hope. It attacked directly to customer’s charity with the message: littlest things can make a big, big difference. On the commercial, they ask us go to www.tide.com and purchase a Tide Vintage T-Shirt for helping people who get affected by disaster. This commercial appeared after Hurricane Katrina, and Louisiana disaster, and Hurricane Ike. By attacking charity of everybody, this commercial appeal to the viewer’s pathos: by buying a Tide Vintage T-shirt, we together can help people affected disaster by sending Tide’s mobile Laundromat fleet to the location affected by disaster for free service as washing, drying and folding the clothes. Especially, al l profit from this program will support for families affected by disaster, so we buy Tide product not only for cleaning clothes but also for helping disaster victims. Because of the importance of supporting disasters victims, the well-designedShow MoreRelatedUse of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos for Rhetorical Appeal in Advertising1020 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertisements use images to enhance the impact and appeal of logos, ethos, and pathos. One of the most influential advertisements that is frequently shown on television that use these three appeals is the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) commercials that urge viewers to help the organizations by adopting an animal in need, by donating money, by volunteering their time, or a combination thereof. In order to convey their message, these television advertisements use ethos toRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Nike s Advertising1079 Words   |  5 PagesName Professor’s Name Course Date Rhetorical Analysis-Nike Advertising Introduction Advertisements have hidden messages, saying and signs that help in attracting the attention of the viewer. The advertisements have different elements that appeal to audience thus promote a stronger message. The ideas of ethos, pathos, and logos help in drawing interest from viewers and make them elicit some feeling about the product advertised. Advertising is intended to entice the viewers through logic, credibilityRead MoreComparison of Two Commercials Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences in the two. Some of these include that the Lexus ad uses predominantly the logos, or logical, appeal whereas the second uses pathos, the emotional appeal, the target audiences for both commercials, and the effectiveness of each. 1. Pathos or logos? 1. VW uses more pathos than Lexus. 1. Humor is effective tactic in advertising. 2. By using humor, advertisers make their product more memorable. 2. Lexus uses more Logos than VW. II. Target audiences. 1. VW targetsRead MoreAnalysis Of Old Spice Ad Analysis1189 Words   |  5 PagesOld Spice† The Man Your Man Could Smell like† Old Spice† The Man Your Man Could Smell Like† was a television advertising campaign that had a handsome, very muscular man and â€Å"Hello, ladies,† says the strapping this handsome man, standing in a towel in a bathroom, as the spot begins. â€Å"Look at your man. Now back at me. Now back at your man. Now back to me. Sadly, he is not me, but if he stopped using ladies’ scented body wash and switched to Old Spice, he could smell like he is me, â€Å"a captivating smileRead MoreBurger King Marketing Analysis1638 Words   |  7 PagesKing’s ethos is completely in the eyes of the customer. On one hand this particular app is going to show the customer the sales, thus saving them money, but on the other hand, one of the first messages Burger King is conveying is for the customer to take time out of their perspective day to download an app that will surely be extremely beneficial to Burger King in terms of tracking customers in the hopes of improving th eir own advertising campaigns. Burger King does successfully establish logos rightRead MoreThe Power of Persuasion in Advertisements Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pageschanges to an old advertisement that he’s seen a thousand times. Ads like that one appeal to the three main techniques that have subliminal messages to viewers. These different techniques have proven to be effective with television watchers. Advertisers use these three techniques to target a certain audience. Demographics play a large role in aiding businesses with the adequate information to convince the viewers. The main demographics include gender, age, culture, race, and location. These are just aRead MoreEthos Pathos And Logos Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in Media Rough Draft What is the purpose of an argument? What is the point in arguing with someone? Well the point in argument is to inform, persuade, or to make decisions about the past, present, or future. An argument is not going back and forth just saying†yes it is† or no it is not†. In an argument you use logos by trying to convince the debater that something is right or wrong by giving logical reasons. Pathos in a argument you play the other persons emotion on themselvesRead More2.08 body paragraph Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ad use  logos? How does the ad use  pathos? How does the ad use  ethos? Does the ad seem effective to you?   Explain your reasoning. Your favorite   electronic device   The video uses logos by saying that the IPhone 4s has 8 megapixels and all new optics which makes it more than the leading competition.         The video uses pathos by saying siri is an amazing assistant that listens to you and understands you when you need her.         The video uses ethos because it explains that it uses theRead MoreAristotle, The Greatest Thinkers Of All Times Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagescategorized into three sections which are, the appeal of emotion, the appeal to reason and the appeal to one’s character. Aristotle calls them Ethos, in which is used to describe the ideas and beliefs that characterize the community, Logos in which using logical arguments, scientific method and proof to persuade and Pathos, is a purpose of presentation, advertising and pity for persuasion. Furthermore, these aspects can also be found in outside sources such as advertisements, medias and people tryingRead MoreHow Persuasion Is The Most Important Aspect Of Advertising988 Words   |  4 Pages Persuasion is the most important aspect of advertising. The elements used to persuade audiences are known as ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos establishes credibility or authority, pathos evokes emotions, and logos appeals to logic. In advertising, pathos is the most common appeal. The advertisement selected for this analysis is designed to target smokers through the use of ethos, pathos, and logos. In the Quit.org commercial, pathos is the most present of the three appeals. The effectiveness of

An Overview of Political Conservatism

‘An Inspector Calls’ †Coursework Creatvie Writing Free Essays

Dear Mr Priestley, I have chosen to stage your play, ‘An Inspector Calls’ as I found it very appealing. The setting of the play was really attractive as it was written at the end of the Second World War. People wanted to entertain themselves after so much tension and stress during the War. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘An Inspector Calls’ – Coursework Creatvie Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now So a play based on life 30 years ago was perfect. However, this play did more than just entertain. It is a thought-provoking play which encourages people to think about society and responsibility. The audience in 1945 would have just experienced a terrible Second World War, with great loss and destruction. They would also be aware of the First World War which was an earlier catastrophe. The fact that the play was set in 1912 before the First World War, means that the audience have additional knowledge of the world, unlike the Birlings. As you have used the theme of responsibility, it reminded me that we all have responsibilities in our lives. There are still people who are going to war without realising the consequences and the effects on lives of innocent people. There are still people in the world today who are starving while people who are extremely rich and getting richer by the minute take no note of the poor. There are people around us who are peddling drugs without thinking of its effect on countless children and members of the society. Throughout the play, the words ‘responsible’ and ‘responsibility’ are used by almost all the characters in the play at some point or the other. Each member of the family has a different attitude towards responsibility. There is a contrastive pair when Mr Birling’s responsibility towards Eva is uncaring, brutal and miserly while his son, Eric’s responsibility towards Eva is caring but naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and selfish in a way. There is a similarity between Mrs Birling and Shelia. Mrs Birling and Sheila’s responsibility to Eva is somewhat similar as they both share and accept their guilt on Eva’s death. In real life, we all have different attitudes to responsibility for our parents, family, friends, work and school. In your play, you as the playwright, encourage people to seize the opportunity at the end of the war and give them a chance to build a better, more caring society. For example, just before the Inspector walks in to the Birling household unexpectedly, he creates a dramatic effect by his statement and the use of dramatic irony shocks the audience. The dramatic irony is Mr Birling who states that the Titanic will not sink (which actually famously sunk on its maiden voyage) and there will never be a World War as he states but actually the audience of 1945 had been through two World Wars â€Å"the world’s developing so fast that it’ll make war impossible if we do not adopt your message of responsibility to each other†. I loved the ending of the play. The ending leaves the audience on a cliff-hanger. Just when the family had started to feel that there had been no inspector coming to speak to them about a suicide, the final telephone call is heard and announces that a real inspector is on his way to ask questions about a young girl’s suicide. The tension comes back flooding in. It is a surprising final twist. I was inspired to produce my own version of the play after having seen the National Theatre Production of ‘An Inspector Calls’. I particularly liked the use of music because it created an effective atmosphere. I also liked the use of lighting because it is very attractive; the lighting involves the audience into the play. There are two dramatic devices used in this version: One is the setting; the setting is a dramatic device as you have described the key setting such as Mr Birling’s house in detail. The house opens up like a doll’s house, we can hear the voices of the actors inside which creates an eeriness. The Inspector is in the street outside speaking, with children walking around as though they were homeless. The Inspector was dressed up in dark suit with an overcoat. Lighting also makes an effect as it reflects the mood of the play. In my production of ‘An Inspector Calls’, some of the ideas I will be using are as follows: a proscenium stage (I developed this idea from the very first act of the play where the stage directions mentioned the rising of curtains.); I will also use different background music for entrances of key characters, such as the Inspector who may be accompanied by sombre and heavy sounds of the organ and Mrs Birling’s entry may be with a light piano with a chirping sound. My use of music will reinforce the message of the play by drawing attention when responsibility or society is being discussed. Spotlights will only be used in underlining the significance of the entrances of key characters. I have realised that the Inspector’s final speech in the play is one of the most important moments in the play because this speech contains a wide range of rhetorical techniques which include: the use of contrastive pairs; the rhythm of language for example, the length of sentences, the effects of pauses. These techniques forces the characters in the play as well as the audience who are watching the play to rethink their understanding of major issues like responsibility, truth and inclusiveness of all members of the society. As we are not alone in society, we have to think of the other members of the society with sympathy and compassion. He reminds everyone about the importance of responsibility and society. To direct the Inspector’s final speech, I will start off with the argument between Mr. Birling, his wife and Eric about who is really responsible for Eva Smith’s death. Tension will rise by the effect of dramatic background music. Next, halfway through the argument, the Inspector says â€Å"STOP!† really loudly as if he is commanding everyone present like a director and the background music will stop. Then, slowly, he will start his final speech. When the Inspector says â€Å"One Eva Smith has gone – but there are millions†, he will use one finger to enhance the uniqueness of Eva and to include everyone he will open up his arms when he says â€Å"millions†. When he says â€Å"but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us†, he should open and merge his arms in a gesture to include everyone in the audience. By using repetition, he is showing the vast amount of people that will need help at some point in their lives. When he says, â€Å"their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness†, we hear â€Å"their† as a repetitive word. â€Å"†¦with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness†, makes up a rhythm of the sentence by using â€Å"their†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This rhythm is effective because â€Å"their† is being repetitive. The phrase is an oxymoron because there are words that seem to be the opposite of each other and is also a contrastive pair as we see â€Å"hopes and fears† connect with â€Å"suffering and chance of happiness†. The phrases are powerful and memorable because they help involve the audience by using â€Å"hopes and fears† and â€Å"suffering and chance of happiness†. Next, when he says â€Å"We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other†, he would give a dismissal look at the Birlings when he says â€Å"We don’t live alone† and he point his finger at the family to say that â€Å"We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other†. The word â€Å"We† indicates that the Inspector is talking positively about society, responsibility and caring for others. Here we have an important listing of three things emphasising how nobody should be alone but be together, caring and being cared for. â€Å"We† and â€Å"Millions† being repeated here and are two of the key words in this speech. The Inspector wants to show us that we have to responsible for each other and care for others in society. The use of â€Å"I† in the sentence, â€Å"And I tell you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  makes the audience feel the Inspector is sincere. There are negative moments in the speech as well: â€Å"then they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish.† indicates that the Inspector is talking negatively about the Birlings’ as they only care about themselves and not for others around them, which makes the Birlings’ selfish and rude. â€Å"Fire and blood and anguish† also makes a list of three things, a rhetorical technique which makes the speech both appealing and memorable. I would like to invite you to see my production. Thank you for taking the time to read my letter. Yours sincerely, Your name How to cite ‘An Inspector Calls’ – Coursework Creatvie Writing, Papers

Communism (2628 words) Essay Example For Students

Communism (2628 words) Essay CommunismCommunism-The Ideal Society? Society is flawed. There are critical imbalances in it that are causing much of humanity to suffer. I suppose that this would be the driving force behind humanity’s relentless search to plan and create a perfect society. An essential part of having an unflawed society would be having a perfect government. Throughout history, we have always strived to find different types of governments that would work more efficiently and more fairly for the greater good of masses. Needless to say, communism is not often revered as an â€Å"ideal† form of government. There is almost a unanimous sense of hatred that is emitted from all non-communist countries when the topic of communism is brought up. Many countries and societies have enacted communism and some still uphold it to this day. This very controversial issue of communism strikes a major chord in people who have lived under it. Though I am no advocate of communism, I’d like to bring about the question of whether there maybe the possibility that there are benefits to this system of government. In, The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx is reacting to the quest for an ideal society by describing his vision of a perfectly balanced society, a communist society. Simply put, a communist society is one where all property is held in common. No one person has more than the other, but rather everyone shares in the fruits of their labors. Marx is writing of this society because, he believes it to be the best form of society possible. He believes that communism creates the correct balance between the needs of the individual, and the needs of society. He also believes that sometimes violence is necessary to reach the state of communism. This paper will reflect upon these two topics: the relationship of the individual and society, and the issue of violence, as each is portrayed in the manifesto. Before embarking upon these topics, it is necessary to establish a baseline from which to view these ideas. It is important to realize that in everything, humans view things from their own cultural perspective, thereby possibly distorting or misinterpreting work or idea. Marx mentions that, Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will, whose essential character and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class (Marx 37). With this in mind, some perspective on the society of that time is vital. During Marx’s time the industrial revolution was taking place. There was a massive movement away from small farms, businesses operated out of homes, and small shops on the corner. Instead, machines were mass-producing products in giant factories, with underpaid workers. No longer did people need to have individual skills. It was only necessary that they could keep the machines going, and do small, repetitive work. The lower working class could no longer search for a tolerable existence in their own pursuits. They were lowered to working inhumane hours in these factories. This widened the rift between the upper and lower class-called bourgeois and proletariat, respectively-until they were essentially two different worlds. The bourgeois, a tiny portion of the population, has the majority of the wealth. Meanwhile the proletariat, the huge majority, has nothing. It is with this background that Marx begins. First, the topic of the individual and society will be discussed. This topic in itself can be broken down even further. First, the flaws with the current system in respect to the bourgeois and proletariat will be shown, thereby revealing the problems in the relationship between individual and society. Secondly, the way that communism addresses these issues, and the rights of the individual, as seen through the manifesto. Quite clearly, Marx is concerned with the organization of society. He sees that the majority of society, that is, the proletariat, exist in sub-human conditions. Marx also sees that the bourgeoisie has a disproportionate abundance of property and power, and that because of what they are, they abuse it. He writes of how the current situation with the bourgeoisie and proletariat developed. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles (Marx 41). There have always been struggles between two classes, an upper and lower class. However, Marx speaks of the current order saying, It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (Marx 42). The very nature of the bourgeoisie causes it to grow in size and power while the proletariat shrinks. Therefore the rift between the two is increased. Marx goes on to describe how this situation came about, with the industrial revolution and other factors. Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, navigation, and communication by land. This development has, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages. Censorship In The U.S.A Essay Marx has two things to say on this subject. First, violence in and of itself is not a good thing. Second, it may at times be necessary to achieve a greater good. First, lets establish Marxs position that violence in general should be avoided. Marx speaks of constant upheaval and violence in several places. â€Å"†¦oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes (Marx 45). Constant opposition, or violence results in the destruction of both forces, according to Marx. Constant upheaval and violence is not a good thing, it is detrimental to both the individual and society. However, in order to institute communism, (which is the greatest good according to Marx) a revolution is necessary. Revolution does not necessarily mean violence. However, in this case violence will be difficult to avoid, and Marx states that violence may be necessary. Marx wrote several passages regarding this. What is being described here is clearly nothing less than a revolution, a complete reversal in thought and society. Marx describes the first step in this revolution. We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy (Marx 64). So it is clear that the first step is to raise the proletariat to the ruling class, but how is this done? Marx writes that †¦we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat (Marx 56). He speaks directly of violence when he says that, If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organize itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old condition of production†¦ (Marx 75). If the proletariat is forced to violence, then violence should be taken, because it is for the greater good. Marx puts it all together in one final statement. In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things. (Marx 86). Putting things back into perspective again, it is vital to realize that this violence should be short lived, and only continue until the proletariat is in position to make some changes to society. Marx uses terms like ‘despotic inroads, ‘necessitate, and ‘unavoidable to describe the necessary violence. Violent acts are terrible things in and of themselves, but must be used at times for a greater good. However, in his ideal society, once communism has been reached there will be no more violence. History has shown and proven over and over again that communism is far from any concept of an â€Å"ideal† society. The demonstrations in Tienamen square and the Vietnam war are obvious examples that people who live in communism are not happy. Marx was not alive to witness either one of these occurrences (Internet source). After all this, however, it is clear that Marx makes some rather remarkable assumptions regarding human nature. First, he believes that it is inevitable that the proletariat will realize that things are not as they should be, and that something needs to be done about it. Secondly, he believes that people will know the correct amount of violence necessary to achieve their goals, and will not exceed that. Finally, he assumes that once the state of communism is reached, that there will be no dissenters that will try to take advantage of the situation and raise themselves up. The rule of Stalin and Lenin are good examples of people taking an opportunity to exploit and oppress. The idea of communism would appear to be just that, an idea, an ideal. It may not necessarily be bad to try to approach it, but because human nature is necessarily flawed in all likelihood communism will never be reached in full. However, even with all of this, the idea of communism has some good to it. Clearly it caused some reform in the area of capitalism, toning it down from what it was during the time of Marx. It has helped by acting as a mirror in which it is possible to see where society is making mistakes, and where a new balance must be struck between the needs of the individual, and the needs of society. Even an idea such as communism which may not be fully applicable can still have, and has had, a profound effect on future society and humankind. Politics Essays

Brucespringsteen free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Streetsofphiladelphia Essay, Research Paper Mean Streets The topic of Bruce Springsteen s Streets of Philadelphia has to make with a individual walking on metropolis streets, but the subject focuses on a certain facet of the individual. The verse form describes how easy one can lose his or her individuality when no 1 about knows who they are and how others do non see the disregard and forsaking towards these people. Springsteen develops the subject by utilizing poetic elements such as scene, imagination, and tone and feeling. The scene is the streets of Philadelphia. We will write a custom essay sample on Brucespringsteen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In large metropoliss there are frequently 1000s of people who walk the street every twenty-four hours. Few of those people live on the streets or notice those who do. Although there are really many people who live in the metropolis it is still difficult for people to happen aid. Springsteen writes, Oh brother are you gon na go forth me Wastin off On the streets of Philadelphia. ( 6 ) This represents a call for aid to the people that the talker is able to see. None of the people around the talker offer a response to his calls. The deficiency of concern towards individuals who live on the metropolis streets shows through disregard the people of the metropolis demo them. Imagery helps the reader develop a good sense of what the talker is experiencing and believing. In the first stanza the image of person who is have oning apparels that are soiled and ripped appears when the talker describes himself as, bruised and battered ( 1 ) and by stating, My clothes don T suit me no more. ( 16 ) The talker says, # 8230 ; my legs felt like rock, ( 9 ) leting the reader to visualize a individual who seems cramped and ti ruddy. Sprinegsteen produces an image so the reader can see this individual and relate that to the others the reader may hold seen on the streets. The tone of this verse form is sad and lonely. Partss of this verse form demo the reader s low self-esteem and loss of individuality. The talker starts by stating, I couldn t tell what I felt I was unrecognisable to myself. ( 1 ) This tells the reader that the talker # 8217 ; s confusion makes it hard to be in touch with his or her feelings. When the talker says, I heard the voices of friends vanished and gone, ( 10 ) the reader feels sorry for this individual for being abandoned by those he held near to his bosom. Springsteen makes the talker seem abandon, non merely by his friends but by God when he writes, Ain t no angel gon na recognize me. ( 14 ) When the talker says, At dark I could hear the blood in my venas Black and whispering as the rain.. , it helps develop the temper of unhappiness and solitariness. The mention to dark adds a darkness to the overall tone and feeling. Springsteen s wrote this verse form as a vocal words. The words are poetic and descriptive. He does a good occupation of utilizing tone and feeling, puting and imagination to develop this verse form. Springsteen draws the reader in and relates, on some degree, how the talker feels. The verse form is being told through the eyes of person who is fighting with life and personal trials. The reader can non assist experiencing compassion for the talker because of his or her state of affairs. When the reader put his or her ego into the talker s place, it is possible to see the job of disregard and forsaking that is being overlooked in society.

Essay on the Story of an Hour

Essay on the Story of an Hour Essay on the Story of an Hour The moment of epiphany in Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour should not to come as a surprise to any reader. The author gives hints in the form of colorful language, abnormal behavior, and the psychical description of the character. It will be shown that the reader is given many hints of what is to come. The first and most obvious indication that something is going to happen is the use of colorful language. The author describes an armchair in the room where Mrs. Mallard sits as being â€Å"a comfortable, roomy armchair† (1). The words â€Å"comfortable† and â€Å"roomy† are both soft sounding words that are out of place in the story. At a time when she should be grieving the death of her husband, this kind of language is unusual. Another example of colorful language occurs when Mrs. Mallard is staring out the window at the trees that were â€Å"all aquiver with the new spring life†(1). This suggests that she is feeling a new life of her own now that her h usband is gone. As she sits in the chair she focuses her gaze on patches of blue sky in the distance. This is also a powerful suggestion that she feels the clouds are lifting from her life. When Mrs. Mallard receives the news of her husbands death, she does not hear the story â€Å"as many women have heard the same†(1). Instead she weeps at once, giving no thought to the death of her husband. Most women would not react that quickly, but would rather take time to analyze the news first. She also throws herself out of her chair in a frenzy. She strives to hold back her excitement but it comes bursting forth despite her best efforts. The author also tells us that she was â€Å"pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body†(1) and that it seemed to reach into her soul. It seems that Mrs. Mallard is more concerned with herself rather than the death of her husband, which is evident in many places in the story. Another example of her unusual behaviour is when sh e begins to â€Å"sob like a child.†(1) The authors comparison to a child shows Mrs. Mallards innocence and vulnerability. The description of Mrs. Mallard tells us that â€Å"she was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength.† The use of the word repression in describing her appearance is an indicator that she felt repressed by her husband. She sat and stared with a dull

Topical Analysis on Japan's Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Topical Analysis on Japan's Revolution - Essay Example In order to understand the nature of the Meiji restoration, there is the need to look at the relationship between the merchants and the lower samurais. Both parties were anti-Tokugawa forces who were determined to annihilate the Tokugawa regime, with the lower samurais being vested with the leadership that would yield desired societal changes. The lower Samurais had superseded the ranks of the Samurai in order to become the spokesmen in this society. The Meiji restoration was a shift of the Japanese government to the upper samurai to lower samurai. In achieving this political control, the lower samurais supplied the ablest individuals such as Ito Hirobumi, Saigo Takamori, Inoue Kaoru and Omura Masujiro. The lower samurai achieved this through the financial help of the merchants. Merchants such as Konoike, Iwasaki, Shimada and Ono made immense contributions through financial donations. Hence, it is apparent that the Meiji restoration was achieved through a coalition between the lower samurai and merchant class. Moreover, the Feudal-merchant coalition was a cornerstone in the Japanese revolution. Unlike the class struggle that existed in western countries such as a France and England, the scenario in Japan was different. Marxists argue that capitalist bourgeoisie rise against feudal aristocrats in a bid to seize political power from them. The case in Japan was characterized by a collaboration between the aristocracy and the merchant classes. Hence, the Samurai and the merchant class had a symbiotic relation and they needed each other. In the Tokugawa system, the merchants were largely dependent on the daimyo and their treasurers. They saw... Japan’s revolution, dubbed ‘Meiji restoration’, took place following numerous reforms instituted by the Japanese government late in the 19th century. The subsequent events constituted the most dramatic events to ever happen in the modern history of Japan. It was in the Japanese revolution when universal education system was established. Moreover, during this revolution the navy and the army were established as well as the establishment of an effective administrative bureaucracy both locally and nationally. The Japanese revolution was multifaceted and culminated in Japan becoming a modern state. There are numerous shortcomings in the book by Norman (2000) as there lacks a detailed explanation of the nature of the Japanese revolution.The account of the Japanese revolution was scantily presented in the article with some facts being left out. The events that contributed to the revolution emanated from within the country and brought significant changes crucial to the d evelopment of a modern Japan. The multifaceted revolution saw a universal system of education being introduced in Japan as well as the establishment of the army and the navy. It is important to note that social disparities that existed during the Tokugawa regime were primary responsible for fuelling animosity that led to the revolution. The fact that the new regime under Meiji turned to the western countries for progress reveals that the Tokugawa regime was not toppled due to its move to seek assistance from these countries but rather due to domestic squabbles. The revolution revealed that there was animosity within the ranks of Tokugawa regime as there is no justification of having turned to the west for progress.

Mod 2 - TD Financial Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mod 2 - TD Financial Analysis - Assignment Example During entry, the client and consultant reach an agreement of their roles in the data collection and the feedback. It includes the introduction of the client and consultant and the decision that they will work until the end. Data collection includes collecting valid information about the client system and understanding the system. After this, the feedback stage gives the overall data analysis of the client system and be able to offer a good working relationship (Hackman, 1972). Organizational diagnosis and strategy are connected because organizational diagnosis leads to an improved and better marketing strategy as it becomes a spring board in getting better results. Mediating factors will include core competence such as the skills, technology and resources. The domain of the organization which includes the population it serves and the functions it performs could also be another factor. Organizational diagnosis helps in identifying how they will be able to communicate to the customers about their strengths, their customers’ requirements and changes in those requirements. Once the organizational diagnosis is successful, it means that the ways of improving the marketing strategy will be identified and this will lead to a better way of marketing. In today’s fast changing world, knowledge sharing and developing customer oriented systems will be able to influence the performance and thus increase the competitive advantage (Hackman,

Compare and Contrast the Development of B and T Cells

Compare and Contrast the Development of B and T Cells The epithelial surfaces of the body serve as an effective barrier against most microorganisms, and they are rapidly repaired if wounded. Adaptive immunity is initiated when an innate immune response fails to eliminate a new infection, whereby an activated antigen presenting cells (APCs) bearing pathogens antigens are delivered to the draining lymphoid tissues. An adaptive immune response differs from the innate immunity in its ability to target structures that are specific to particular strains and variants of pathogen. T cells are produced in the bone marrow. They are transported still, as pro-thymocytes to the thymus where they undergo the process of maturation and selection. The regulation of T cell maturation in the thymus is termed central tolerance. During gestation, most T cells generated bear the gamma/deta T cell receptor (TcR) on their surface. In the adult, most T cells bear the alpha/beta TcR. The newly formed TcR then, has to be tested for recognition of self-MHC/peptide. The T cells are tested at a stage of development known as double positive, meaning that they bear both CD4 and CD8 receptors on their surface. Cells with TcRs that recognize self-MHC/peptide with very low affinity will die. This process is known as death by neglect. Cells with TcRs with medium affinity for MHC receive survival signals and undergo a process known as positive selection. Finally, cells which receive a high affinity signal via their TcR die by apoptosis, a process known as negative selection. Cells that in teract with MHC class I become CD8 positive T cell, and those that interact with MHC class II become CD4 positive T cells, before migrating out into the peripheral lymphoid system (Wood P, 2006). Mature B cells, like T cell, are also develop form pluripotent stem cells. However unlike T cells lymphocytes, B cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow. There are four different stages of B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, immature B, and mature B cells. During its development, B cells acquire B cell surface marker expression such as B220, CD19, CD20, etc. as well as antigen receptors. The stromal cells lining the bone marrow provide essential growth signals to developing B cells, including cytokines such as IL7 and cell to cell contact, via VLA4/VCAM and Kit/SCF. During B cell development, gene segment rearrangements take place, just like in T cells where TcR rearrangements (central tolerance) also occur. However, for B cells, the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus (variable-V, joining-J and diversity-D segments), situated on chromosome 14, rearranges. In haematopoietic stem cells, the Ig heavy chain genes are in germline configuration (Kurosaki T et al., 2009). As B cells deve lop to pro-B cells, a D-J recombination is the first gene rearrangement to take place. The intervening DNA is normally deleted from the chromosome as a circle. Gene rearrangements are mediated by recombinase activitng genes, RAG proteins. As the developing B cell proceeds from pro- to pre-B cell stage, a V-DJ gene arrangement takes place to form the VDJ coding block that encodes the variable domain on the antibody heavy chain. Gene rearrangement takes place on both copies of chromosome 14 in a developing B cell, but once a productive VDJ block has been assembled on one chromosome 14, rearrangement ceases on the other chromosome, ensuring only one type of Ig is produced by any single B cell. This process is known as allelic exclusion. If a developing B cell fails to make a productive VDJ block, it will fail to produce antibody heavy chain and die in the bone marrow (Murphy K et al, 2008). T and B cell activation: T cell activation takes place in draining lymph nodes (also spleen) close to site of infection. T cell recognizes antigen on MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules becomes activated and differentiates to effector cells. Effector T cells migrate to site of infection and carry out effector functions. The T lymphocytes arrive through venules, and cross through the endothelial to the lymph nodes. Antigen presenting cells such (APC) such as dendritic cells, and macrophages presented antigens to T cells. On recognition of the antigen, a low affinity interaction is formed. These T cells then leave lymph node though the lymphatic system. Those T cells that recognize the antigens wall with high affinity will be retained and the process of proliferation and differentiation occurs. However, initial B cell activation takes place in T cell zone of secondary lymphatic tissues (i.e. in lyhmph nodes). Mostly IgM producing plasma cells are produced at this state. B cells, unlike T cells, ar e activated by the ineraction with antigen-specific T cell, by linked recognition. Antigen-activated B cell migrates to B cell area of lymph nodes to form organized germinal centres, where additional B cell differentiation processes take place. It is important to note that T cells recognize the peptide, while B cells recognize the coat protein. For T and B lymphocyte activation 2 signals are hypothesized to be required. Firstly, the antigen stimulus signal and secondly, the co-stimulatory stimulus. The absence of the second signal results in anergy or apoptosis. CD28/B7 interaction is the co-stimulatory signals for T cells while CD40/CD40 ligand, on the activated T cells, interaction is for B cells. For both T and B lymphocytes, in it resting G0 cell cycle, the cell appear to have a large nucleus, with little cytoplasm and show little evidence of organelles. However, when these cells enter G1/S/G2 cell cycle, cell shows an increase in cell size, chromatin de-condensation is seen. Cell division occurs rapidly, generating effector cells of either T or B lymphocytes. Effector T cells include Th1, Th2 and T regulatory, as well as T cytotoxic cell and memory T cells. On the other hand, effector B cells include plasma cell and memory B cell. T and B cell effector functions: B cell response to T-dependent protein antigen results in germinal centres formation in B cell areas of lymph nodes, and specialized processes such as Ig class-switching, somatic mutation and affinity maturation, memory B cell and plasma cell generation take place there. Emerging form germinal centres are somatically mutated and class-switched B cells, which no longer just produce IgM. Memory B cells are long-lived, resting and re-circulating cells, responsible for immunization part which helpto generate rapid and vigorous immune response on second encounter for that specific antigen. Plamablast cells migrate to other sites such as bone marrow, and become plasma cells, producing large amounts of secreted antibody. Some of which can live for long periods. The effector functions of B cells refer to what antibodies do after their contact with the antigen. The antibody effector functions include neutralization, complement fixation (IgM, IgG1/2/3), oposonization and antibody dependent cel l-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, T cell effector functions differ significantly from B cell effector functions. Antigen presenting cells present peptide via MHC which can either interact with CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Helper T cells are defined by the cytokines they produce. Naà ¯ve CD4+ T cells (Th0), on interaction with APC, can differentiate to Th1 or Th2 cells, depending on the cytokine environment. Th1 cells co-ordinate inflammatory immune responses to intracellular pathogens while Th2 cells help B cells to make antibodies required for immune responses to extracellular pathogens, this is known as humoral immunity. Th1 and Th2 cells both act to promote the generation of more leukocytes. Besides Th0/Th1/Th2, other CD4+ T cell subsets exist (Zhu J et al., 2010). Resting T cells can differentiate into activated helper T cell, as well as activated cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell). Initially, CD8+ T cells interact with potential target cells via low affinity/non-specific interactions between adhesion molecule s on the T cell (LFA-1 and CD2) and the target cell (ICAM1, ICAM2). This interaction has no effect on the cytoskeleton of the T cell and is a transient interaction unless recognition of specific peptide:MHC complexes occurs. If peptide:MHC I complex is present, the affinity of the adhesion molecule interaction increases and there is clustering of T cell receptor and associated molecules at the point of contact with the target cell forming the immunological synapse. This also signals for cytoskeletal rearrangements organized by the microtubule organizing complex which focuses the cytotoxic granules of the T cell at the point of contact with the target. Notice here, that T cells, unlike B cells do not produce antibodies against antigens. Granules containing perforin and other enzymes including granzymes are released and induce the activation of the cathepsin pathways in the target cell leading to apoptosis. CD8+ T cells can also kill target cells via the Fas/FasL pathway which also in duces apoptosis (Peter EJ 2007). In conclusion, adaptive immune responses occur when individual lymphocytes capable of responding to antigen proliferate and differentiate to become an antigen-specific effector cells and memory cells. The process of lymphocyte cell cycle progression, proliferation and differentiation in response to antigen and stimuli is known as lymphocyte activation. B cell activation is initiated by the ligation of the B cell receptor (BCR) with antigen and ultimately results in the production of protective antibodies against potentially pathogenic invaders. While naive or memory T cells encounter foreign antigen along with proper co-stimulation they undergo rapid and extensive clonal expansion. In human, this type of proliferation is fairly unique to cells of the adaptive immune system and requires a considerable expenditure of energy and cellular resources.

Media And Democracy

?Media democracy is a set of ideas advocating reforming the mass media, strengthening public service broadcasting, and developing and participating in alternative media and citizen journalism. The stated purpose for doing so is to create a mass media system that informs and empowers all members of society, and enhances democratic values. It is a liberal-democratic approach to media studies that advocates the reformation of the mass media with an emphasis on public service broadcasting and audience participation, through the use of citizen journalism and alternative media channels.A media democracy focuses on using information technologies to both empower individual citizens and promote democratic ideals through the spread of information. [1] Additionally, the media system itself should be democratic in its own construction [2] shying away from private ownership or intense regulation. Media democracy entails that media should be used to promote democracy[3] as well as the conviction t hat media should be democratic itself;[4] media ownership concentration is not democratic and cannot serve to promote democracy and therefore must be examined critically.[5] The concept, and a social movement promoting it, have grown as a response to the increased corporate domination of mass media and the perceived shrinking of the marketplace of ideas. The term also refers to a modern social movement evident in countries all over the world which attempts to make mainstream media more accountable to the publics they serve and to create more democratic alternatives The concept of a media democracy follows in response to the deregulation of broadcast markets and the concentration of mass media ownership. In their book Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, authors Edward S.Herman and Noam Chomsky outline the propaganda model of media, which states that the private interests in control of media outlets will shape news and information before it is disseminated to the public through the use of five information filters. [6] In this way, the construction of the mass media as a for-profit enterprise behaves in a way that runs counter to the democratic ideals of a free press. Media democracy advocates that corporate ownership and commercial pressures influence media content, sharply limiting the range of news, opinions, and entertainment citizens receive.Consequently, they call for a more equal distribution of economic, social, cultural, and information capital, which would lead to a more informed citizenry, as well as a more enlightened, representative political discourse. A media democracy advocates: Replacing the current libertarian media model[clarification needed] with one that operates democratically, rather than for profit Strengthening public service broadcasting Incorporating the use of alternative media into the larger discourse Increasing the role of citizen journalism Turning a passive audience into active participantsUsing the mas s media to promote democratic ideals The competitive structure of the mass media landscape stands in opposition to democratic ideals since the competition of the marketplace effects how stories are framed and transmitted to the public. This can â€Å"hamper the ability of the democratic system to solve internal social problems as well as international conflicts in an optimal way. â€Å"[7] Media democracy, however, is grounded in creating a mass media system that favours a diversity of voices and opinions over ownership or consolidation, in an effort to eliminate bias in coverage.This, in turn, leads to the informed public debate necessary for a democratic state. [8] The ability to comprehend and scrutinize the connection between press and democracy is important because media has the power to tell a society’s stories and thereby influence thinking, beliefs and behaviour. [9] The concept of â€Å"democratizing the media† has no real meaning within the terms of politic al discourse in Western society. Contents [hide] 1 Media ownership concentration 2 Media democracy movement 3 Feminism and media democracy 4 Internet media democracy 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8. 1 Books 9 External links9. 1 Journals and periodicals 9. 2 Other Media ownership concentration[edit] A key idea of media democracy is that the concentration of media ownership in recent decades in the hands of a few corporations and conglomerates has led to a narrowing of the range of voices and opinions being expressed in the mass media; to an increase in the commercialization of news and information; to a hollowing out of the news media’s ability to conduct investigative reporting and act as the public watchdog; and to an increase of emphasis on the bottom line, which prioritizes infotainment and celebrity news over informative discourse.Cultural studies have investigated changes in the increasing tendency of modern mass media in the field of politics to blur and confuse the boundaries between journalism, entertainment, public relations and advertising. [10] A diverse range of information providers is necessary so that viewers, readers and listeners receive a broad spectrum of information from varying sources that is not tightly controlled, biased and filtered. [11] Access to different sources of information prevents deliberate attempts at misinformation and allows the public to make their own judgments and form their own opinions.[12] This is critical as individuals must be in a position to decide and act autonomously for there to be a functioning democracy. [13] The last several decades have seen an increased concentration of media ownership by large private entities. In the United States, these organizations are known as the Big Six. [14] They include: General Electric, Walt Disney Co. , News Corporation, Time Warner, Viacom, and CBS Corporation. A similar approach has been taken in Canada, where most media outlets are owned by n ational conglomerates.This has led to a reduction in the number of voices and opinions communicated to the public; to an increase in the commercialization of news and information; a reduction in investigative reporting; and an emphasis on infotainment and profitability over informative public discourse. The concentration of media outlets has been encouraged by government deregulation and neoliberal trade policies. In the United States, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 removed most of the media ownership rules that were previously put in place. This led to a massive consolidation of the telecommunications industry. Over 4,000 radio stationswere bought out, and minority ownership in TV stations dropped to its lowest point since 1990, when the federal government began tracking the data. Media democracy movement[edit] Several activist groups have formed on both local and national levels in the United States and Canada in response to the convergence of media ownership. Their aim is to spread awareness about the lack of diversity in the media landscape, and direct the public to alternative media. Additionally, these groups press for political solutions to the FCC in the United States and the CRTC in Canada to â€Å"oppose any further media consolidation.† [15] In the United States, the non-profit Media Access Project is a public interest law firm that advocates media democracy by â€Å"protect[ing] freedom of expression, promote[ing] universal and equitable access to media outlets and telecommunications services, and encourag[ing] vibrant public discourse on critical issues facing our society. â€Å"[16] The group has raised numerous concerns with the neoloiberalization of media in the United States in recent years, particularly with regards to media ownership, net neutrality laws, and access to the wireless spectrum.In Canada, OpenMedia.ca is a similar group that promotes media democracy by encouraging open communication systems through online campaigns, events, and workshops. In particular, the group's â€Å"Stop The Meter† campaign to petition against proposed usage-based billing was the largest online appeal in Canadian history. [17] Feminism and media democracy[edit] Though the model aims to democratize the opinions expressed within the mass media as well as the ownership of media entities themselves, feminist media theory argues that the media cannot be considered truly inclusive or democratic insofar as they rely on the masculine concepts of impartiality and objectivity.[18] Creating a more inclusive and democratic media would require reconceptualizing how we define the news and its principles. [18] According to some feminist media theorists, news is like fictional genres that impose order and interpretation on its materials by means of narrative. [19] Consequently, the news narrative put forward presents only one angle of a much wider picture. [19]It is argued that the distinction between public and private informatio n that underpins how we define valuable  or appropriate news content is also a gendered concept. [19] The feminist argument follows that the systematic subversion of private or subjective information excludes women's voices from the popular discourse. [19] Further to this point, feminist media theorists argue there is an assumed sense of equality or equalness implicit in the definition of the public that ignores important differences between genders in terms of their perspectives.So while media democracy in practice as alternative or citizen journalism may allow for greater diversity, these theorists argue that women's voices are framed within a masculine structure of objectivity and rationalist thinking. [20] Despite this criticism there is an acceptance among some theorists that the blurring of public and private information with the introduction of some new alternative forms of media production (as well as the increase in opportunities for interaction and user-generated content ) may signal a positive shift towards a more democratic and inclusive media democracy.[21] Some forms of media democracy in practice (as citizen or alternative journalism) are challenging journalism's central tenants (objectivity and impartiality) by rejecting the idea that it is possible to tell a narrative without bias and, more to the point, that it is socially or morally preferable. [22]Internet media democracy[edit] The World Wide Web, and in particular Web 2.0, is seen as a powerful medium for facilitating the growth of a media democracy as it offers participants,† a potential voice, a platform, and access to the means of production. â€Å"[23] Because the web allows for each person to share information instantly with few barriers to entry across a common infrastructure, it is often held up as an example of the potential power of a media democracy. The use of digital social networking technologies to promote political dissent and reform lends credibility to the media de mocracy model.This is apparent in the widespread protests in the Middle East and North Africa known as the Arab Spring where social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube allowed citizens to quickly connect with one another, exchange information, and organize protests against their governments. While social media cannot solely be credited with the success of these protests, the technologies played an important role in instilling change in Tunisia,[24][25] Egypt,[26][27] and Libya.These acts show a population can be informed through alternative  media channels, and can adjust its behaviour accordingly. Criticism[edit] Critics of media democracy note that in order for the system to function properly, it assumes each member of society to be an educated and active participant in the creation of media and exchange of information. In countries with a high illiteracy rate, for example, it would be next to impossible for average citizens to take part and fully engage with media, and adjust their behaviour accordingly in society.[28] Instead of promoting democratic ideals, this would in turn fracture society into an upper-class that actively participates in creating the media, and a lower-class that only consumes it, leaving individuals open to the manipulation of information or media bias. This is not far from Nancy Fraser’s critique of the Habermasian public sphere, with regards to the bracketing of personal inequalities. [29] There is also a problem when trying to blend the role of journalists and traditional journalism within the scope of a media democracy.Although many media outlets are privately owned entities, the journalists whom they employ are subject to intense training, as well as a strict code of ethics when reporting news and information to the public. Because a media democracy relies heavily on public journalism, alternative media, and citizen engagement, there is the potential that all information exchanged be treated as equal by the p ublic. Not only would this negatively effect an individual's agency in a democratic society, but run counter to the notion of a free press that serves to inform the public.

Language Learning & Teaching

‘Mother tongue’, ‘first language’, or ‘L1’ is the language that the child usually learns first by the process of interacting with the parents, family members and the society.   This language is usually not acquired by the process of formal education.   It is passed on from one generation to another by the process of interaction and communication.   It is important to know that the first language of the individual need not always be the dominant language.   For example, if the family relocates from one place to another, then there would automatically be a shift in the dominant language of the child, as the language for social communication would also change.   Suppose a child has very good skills at learning the first language, automatically the skills for learning the second language would be good, as it suggests various cognitive functions required for learning the language (such as thinking, memory, etc).   On the other hand, if th e child develops poor skills at learning the first language, automatically he/she would find it difficult to learn the second language and even others (Clark, 2000).‘Second language’ or ‘L2’ is a language that is different from the first language and is usually acquired by the process of formal education in school.   Usually, the second language is a language other than the first language or the mother tongue.   As in several parts of the world, a greater amount of importance is given to English, which has been the basis for international communication. A lot of research is being conducted to determine the manner in which the second language could be acquired, learnt and retained.   In some parts of the world, the second language is beginning to dominate the first language.   This is because of the greater amount of use of the second language in international communication, corporate sector and as a medium of instruction.   The term second languag e was given as it initially suggested the level of comprehension, understanding and the fluency of an individual with that particular language in comparison with the first language (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).  Hylenstam (1992) conducted a lot of research to determine the manner in which the second language and the first language skills were acquired and retained.  He found that after the age of 7 years, the child often found it difficult to learn a second language and obtain the skills required as good as that of the first language.   The individual frequently demonstrated a lot of grammatical errors whilst using the second language, after it was acquired following the age of 7 years (Clark, 2000).   However, research conducted by Hylenstam and Abrahamsson (2003) also found that that there was no exact cut-off period at which an individual would find it difficult to learn the second language, and term it as good as the first language.   Even during adulthood, the second l anguage skills could be acquired as good as before the age of 7 provided the individual made an effort and was motivated to learn and acquire the second language (Clark, 2000).Usually, in each and every nation of the world, the child would be learning two languages.   The United States is one of the few nations in which the children would be usually learning one language that is English.   According to Cummins, learning a second language did not affect the development of the child.   However, social interactions helped in development.   Studies based on cognitive functioning and learning abilities have demonstrated that during the phase of mental growth and development, there was no negative effect if the child learnt one language or two.   Children were able to learn a second language easily and utilise it in the same manner as the first language for communication, questioning, thinking and socialising.   All the knowledge gained from the first language could easily be transferred and utilised in the second language by the child (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).Children cannot learn a second language within a definite period of time.   Strong evidence is currently not available to suggest that children can learn a second language within a short period of time.   Evidence is also currently not available to demonstrate that children would be learning a second language faster than the adults (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).During the process of learning a second language, the child may experience several problems including improper pronunciation, not able to use grammar appropriately or poor comprehending capability.   It is important to note that several factors such as environmental, learning facilities, educational, ability to socialise, age, sex, motivation, personality type etc, play an important role in the second language development of the child.   It is for this reason that some children learn second language faster, whilst others take a long er time (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).One of the important factors that need to be considered for acquiring a second language is the age of learning.   This plays an important role compared to several other factors including motivation, cultural circumstances, opportunities etc.   The child should also get a positive response from others whilst learning the second language.   In the native home, some children may find it difficult to learn a second language.   Children whilst learning the first and the second language usually have similar attitudes.   In learning the first language, the child would usually do so at a younger age, and hence the complications and the fear of making mistakes are lesser.   The second language learning age is usually higher than the first language, and hence the complications and the fear of making mistakes are usually present.   Children tend to use the native pattern of pronouncing words (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).In 1995, Collier was able to demonstrate that even adolescents and adults had some amount of competence in learning a second language.   Children do have the cognitive competence of learning languages and this would enable them to learn and retain a language better than an adult.   A few researchers have contradicting views about the second language learning.   They feel that once a second language is learnt within a very short period of time and at a very young age, then the skills initially acquired of the first language is lost (Bialystok & Hakuta, 1994).   Some of these researchers hence feel that the second language should not be introduced at a very young age to children and hence both the first and the second language need to be imparted (McLaughlin, 1973).Once the first or the second language is learnt, the outcome is usually different.   For example, once the first language is learnt, due to the interactions between the society, parents and family, the fluency and the comprehension improv es compared to the second language.   It may be equally difficult for learning either the first language or the second language, but the role of variables is even greater for the second language (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).For learning the first and the second language, it is very important that an environment conducive for learning exists.   Communication between the parents, family, friends and society is very important.   The cognitive ability can be developed and the language skills could be improved through positive interactions in the language.   The child should be allowed to express themselves freely with the parents.   The language learning process should be enabled through positive interactions between the parents and the child.   The existent language base and real-life situations play an important role.   The child should be able to use the language at the school, home or in social settings.   The child should be able to use and develop both the languages equally.   For example, some children may not be able to use the second language at home due to inability of the family members to understand it.Besides, some children may also find it difficult to use the first language in school, as they may have another language as a medium of instruction.   This may hamper the learning process.   It is important that the child uses the languages in many instances as possible so as to develop the skill and the knowledge required.   Whilst learning the first and the second language, formal education would only be playing a passive role.   The main ingredient for the success at developing skill in a new language is positive interactions and usage of that language (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).Some children may find learning a second language a very tedious task.   Especially those children, who have problems in learning the first language, often develop similar problems in learning the second language.   For learning the language, such problems frequently develop as it is very important that the child develops strong relationships with the parents so that such problems can overcome patiently and gradually.   The use of the second language at home should in no manner affect the cognitive development and the learning process.New experiences with the second language and the use of new ideas would definitely help in improving the cognitive processes.   It is frequently seen that once the cognitive development has occurred with the first language, the same skills could be utilized in attaining the skills required for the second language.   Frequently, children who have developed tremendous skills with the first language (due to the cognitive advancement) may find it very easy to learn a second language.   Studies have even demonstrated that children able to excel in the first language may do equally well with the second language (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).Reading is another area in which the child should deve lop a habit in order to gain competence of the second language.   It helps to improve comprehension, understanding, thinking, flow of ideas, creative expressions, memory etc.   Usually, the first language is learnt through day-to-day communication and the second language is learnt through reading.   However, both communication and constant reading are required to develop skills in learning the language.Thus it can be said that development of the first language would in fact supplement the learning of the second language.   Positive interactions with family, parents, friends and society would help in developing skills with the second language.   Besides, reading would also aid in language development.   The manner in which the first and the second language is learnt is much similar to one another.   It need not always be that the first language dominates the second language.   The dominating language usually depends on the culture the child is exposed to.   In child ren below the age of 7 years, the process of learning the second language is much easier. In adults and adolescents, motivation plays a very important role in second language acquisition.References:Clark, B.A. (2000), First- and Second-Language Acquisition in Early Childhood. [Online], Available: http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu/pubs/katzsym/clark-b.html, [Accessed: 2007, December 31].Ellis (1994). Differences between L1 and L2 acquisition. [Online], Available: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/SLA/L1%20and%20L2.htm, [Accessed: 2007, December 31].Klein, W., & Jankowski, B. (1986), Second Language Acquisition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.NWREL (2003). Overview of Second Language Acquisition Theory. [Online], Available: http://www.nwrel.org/request/2003may/overview.html, [Accessed: 2007, December 31].

Influences on Behavior and Psychological Disorders...

Bipolar Disorder Outline PSY/103 Bipolar Disorder Outline I. Introduction A. Bipolar Disorder Common Behaviors †¢ Start your study assignment by reading the directions for the assignment cautiously so that you undoubtedly understand your instructor’s hopes. B. How The Bipolar Disorder Affects sleep, psychoactive drugs or mediation, and hypnosis on a person. C. How the disorder affects memory. †¢ Genetic Influences †¢ Memory Misrepresentations D. Character Theories †¢ Psychodynamic speculation †¢ Social-Cognitive speculation E. Therapies utilized to treat bipolar disorder †¢ Cognitive behavioral treatment†¦show more content†¦Such researches, yet, do not give information on which or how many genetic materials are involved† (Mental Health, 2009). †¢ Organic Influences ââ€" ª Genetic Factors Hereditary (plays a part in the conduction of vulnerability) ââ€" ª Every age group is affected mutation (an only mutation has all to say concerning whether one will get the disease). â â€" ª Bipolar Disorder is not infectious It cannot be pass on from one person to another It is besides known as hectic-sadness is a psychological sickness †¢ Memory Distortions ââ€" ª Genes little and lasting memory ââ€" ª Lithium ordinary memory distortions ââ€" ª Swiftness of information dispensation ââ€" ª Craze psychological elasticity D. Personality theories: †¢ Psychodynamic assumption- highlights the influence of the insensible mentality and childhood experiences on character. †¢ Societal-Cognitive assumption: This viewpoint says that every one of us has a distinctive individuality as we have individual histories of interactions with the surroundings and since we think about the world and understands what happens to us. E. Therapies used to treat bipolar disorder: †¢ Cognitive behavioral therapy in bipolar disorder: Based on the thought that what we imagine influences our outlooks andShow MoreRelatedMental Health For Children And Adolescents2684 Words   |  11 Pagesconsider formative standards, the developmental status of the adolescent, and the way that psychological health issues for this populace are implanted in family, associate, and peer connections. Mental Health in Adolescents Everywhere you turn mental health is the talk of the world. 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